Reichman University

This retrospective study analyzed 1,754 labeled public cystoscopy images to test Direct, Book-based, and Optimized prompts across GPT-5.2, GPT-5, GPT-5-Mini, and GPT-5-Nano for benign-versus-malignant classification, finding that GPT-5 and GPT-5-Mini with the optimized prompt reached accuracies of 86.7% and 89.2%, and that GPT-5 with the optimized prompt achieved 98.1% accuracy, 94.6% specificity, and 99.1% sensitivity in high-confidence triage at 62.0% image coverage, while prompt engineering improved calibration and triage without statistically significant performance gains.

This retrospective study analyzed 1,754 labeled public cystoscopy images to test Direct, Book-based, and Optimized prompts across GPT-5.2, GPT-5, GPT-5-Mini, and GPT-5-Nano for benign-versus-malignant classification, finding that GPT-5 and GPT-5-Mini with the optimized prompt reached accuracies of 86.7% and 89.2%, and that GPT-5 with the optimized prompt achieved 98.1% accuracy, 94.6% specificity, and 99.1% sensitivity in high-confidence triage at 62.0% image coverage, while prompt engineering improved calibration and triage without statistically significant performance gains.

This review focuses on liquid biopsy for glioblastoma, noting that tissue biopsy is invasive and fails to capture tumor heterogeneity or temporal dynamics, while liquid biopsy can provide noninvasive real-time monitoring via circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva; it advances beyond prior biomarker catalogs by delivering a quantitative technology scorecard comparing cfDNA-, CTC-, and EV-based platforms in terms of sensitivity, clinical actionability, cost, and scalability, and introduces a multimodal decision matrix and an AI-driven fusion pipeline integrating fragmentomics, EV proteomics, and CTC transcriptomics to enhance minimal residual disease detection a

This review focuses on liquid biopsy for glioblastoma, noting that tissue biopsy is invasive and fails to capture tumor heterogeneity or temporal dynamics, while liquid biopsy can provide noninvasive real-time monitoring via circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva; it advances beyond prior biomarker catalogs by delivering a quantitative technology scorecard comparing cfDNA-, CTC-, and EV-based platforms in terms of sensitivity, clinical actionability, cost, and scalability, and introduces a multimodal decision matrix and an AI-driven fusion pipeline integrating fragmentomics, EV proteomics, and CTC transcriptomics to enhance minimal residual disease detection a