This review focuses on liquid biopsy for glioblastoma, noting that tissue biopsy is invasive and fails to capture tumor heterogeneity or temporal dynamics, while liquid biopsy can provide noninvasive real-time monitoring via circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva; it advances beyond prior biomarker catalogs by delivering a quantitative technology scorecard comparing cfDNA-, CTC-, and EV-based platforms in terms of sensitivity, clinical actionability, cost, and scalability, and introduces a multimodal decision matrix and an AI-driven fusion pipeline integrating fragmentomics, EV proteomics, and CTC transcriptomics to enhance minimal residual disease detection a
This review focuses on liquid biopsy for glioblastoma, noting that tissue biopsy is invasive and fails to capture tumor heterogeneity or temporal dynamics, while liquid biopsy can provide noninvasive real-time monitoring via circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva; it advances beyond prior biomarker catalogs by delivering a quantitative technology scorecard comparing cfDNA-, CTC-, and EV-based platforms in terms of sensitivity, clinical actionability, cost, and scalability, and introduces a multimodal decision matrix and an AI-driven fusion pipeline integrating fragmentomics, EV proteomics, and CTC transcriptomics to enhance minimal residual disease detection a