# Color Formulation

A self-driving-laboratory testbed built from a commercial lab robot, an absorbance plate reader and a swappable optimizer completed six independent campaigns of 48 closed-loop iterations each, over 24 cumulative hours of unattended operation. Five of the six campaigns matched their target absorbance spectra within measurement error, at an average RMSE of OD. In the same physical loop, an agentic optimizer driven by Claude Opus 5 matched all three targets in fewer iterations than Bayesian optimization, cutting iterations by 52% on target 1 and 32% on target 2, and converging in 11 iterations on target 3, which Bayesian optimization failed to match within 48.

A self-driving-laboratory testbed built from a commercial lab robot, an absorbance plate reader and a swappable optimizer completed six independent campaigns of 48 closed-loop iterations each, over 24 cumulative hours of unattended operation. Five of the six campaigns matched their target absorbance spectra within measurement error, at an average RMSE of OD. In the same physical loop, an agentic optimizer driven by Claude Opus 5 matched all three targets in fewer iterations than Bayesian optimization, cutting iterations by 52% on target 1 and 32% on target 2, and converging in 11 iterations on target 3, which Bayesian optimization failed to match within 48.