# MXene-silicon heterojunction solar cells

This study builds Ti3C2Tx MXene/n-type monocrystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells, exposes them to 50 MeV protons and 1 MeV electrons (electron fluence 10¹²–10¹⁵ particles/cm², proton 10¹²–10¹⁴ particles/cm²), characterizes them with XRD, Raman, SEM/TEM, EBSD, APT and LAMMPS atomistic simulation, and couples a physics-informed digital twin with Random Forest Regression, reporting over 84% retention of initial power conversion efficiency after irradiation versus about 55% for conventional Si cells, with R² > 0.96 for predictions of VOC, JSC, FF and PCE.

This study builds Ti3C2Tx MXene/n-type monocrystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells, exposes them to 50 MeV protons and 1 MeV electrons (electron fluence 10¹²–10¹⁵ particles/cm², proton 10¹²–10¹⁴ particles/cm²), characterizes them with XRD, Raman, SEM/TEM, EBSD, APT and LAMMPS atomistic simulation, and couples a physics-informed digital twin with Random Forest Regression, reporting over 84% retention of initial power conversion efficiency after irradiation versus about 55% for conventional Si cells, with R² > 0.96 for predictions of VOC, JSC, FF and PCE.