This study builds Ti3C2Tx MXene/n-type monocrystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells, exposes them to 50 MeV protons and 1 MeV electrons (electron fluence 1012–1015 particles/cm2, proton 1012–1014 particles/cm2), characterizes them with XRD, Raman, SEM/TEM, EBSD, APT and LAMMPS atomistic simulation, and couples a physics-informed digital twin with Random Forest Regression, reporting over 84% retention of initial power conversion efficiency after irradiation versus about 55% for conventional Si cells, with R2 > 0.96 for predictions of VOC, JSC, FF and PCE.
This study builds Ti3C2Tx MXene/n-type monocrystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells, exposes them to 50 MeV protons and 1 MeV electrons (electron fluence 1012–1015 particles/cm2, proton 1012–1014 particles/cm2), characterizes them with XRD, Raman, SEM/TEM, EBSD, APT and LAMMPS atomistic simulation, and couples a physics-informed digital twin with Random Forest Regression, reporting over 84% retention of initial power conversion efficiency after irradiation versus about 55% for conventional Si cells, with R2 > 0.96 for predictions of VOC, JSC, FF and PCE.