Closed-loop brain stimulation stops chasing a fixed waveform: CLEAR-FORCE folds brain feedback into the error, inducing and suppressing oscillations in simulation
Closed-loop brain-stimulation controllers are usually trained against a preset target and struggle to follow real-time fluctuations in brain activity. CLEAR-FORCE combines the reservoir network's output error with a feedback error taken from the population membrane potential of a simulated spiking network, updating readout weights online while stimulation runs. In two spiking-neuron simulations it induced 30 Hz oscillations and suppressed burst events; error was lower than open loop when feedback strength was above zero, but weaker feedback did worse than open loop.