# Olive Population Structure

Olive short tandem repeats (STRs, stretches whose repeat-unit copy number varies) had been read mainly through small microsatellite panels, leaving genome-wide variation and interpretation open. Across 212 Iranian and Mediterranean olive accessions, the study catalogued 117,119 polymorphic STR loci and passed natural allele series through three plant genomic language models, AgroNT, PlantCAD2 and GPN, measuring how far embeddings move as repeat length departs from the reference allele. On 62,847 loci, the three models shared 7,417 embedding-sensitive loci, and at most tested loci STR responses exceeded length-matched nonrepetitive indels.

Olive short tandem repeats (STRs, stretches whose repeat-unit copy number varies) had been read mainly through small microsatellite panels, leaving genome-wide variation and interpretation open. Across 212 Iranian and Mediterranean olive accessions, the study catalogued 117,119 polymorphic STR loci and passed natural allele series through three plant genomic language models, AgroNT, PlantCAD2 and GPN, measuring how far embeddings move as repeat length departs from the reference allele. On 62,847 loci, the three models shared 7,417 embedding-sensitive loci, and at most tested loci STR responses exceeded length-matched nonrepetitive indels.