# Power System Dynamic Simulation

The pretrained time-series foundation model Chronos-2 was tested as a surrogate for power-system dynamic simulation. On 1,800 load-disturbance samples from an IEEE 9-bus system, retrieval-augmented in-context learning beat random reference selection, and fine-tuned Chronos-2 had lower errors than a traditional spatiotemporal graph neural network baseline on the 178 held-out samples, with power-balance regularization improving every reported metric except voltage-angle MAE. Its 35.5 ms inference was 563 times faster than the 20 s ANDES simulation.

The pretrained time-series foundation model Chronos-2 was tested as a surrogate for power-system dynamic simulation. On 1,800 load-disturbance samples from an IEEE 9-bus system, retrieval-augmented in-context learning beat random reference selection, and fine-tuned Chronos-2 had lower errors than a traditional spatiotemporal graph neural network baseline on the 178 held-out samples, with power-balance regularization improving every reported metric except voltage-angle MAE. Its 35.5 ms inference was 563 times faster than the 20 s ANDES simulation.

In power-system dynamic simulation, physics-informed neural networks built on multilayer perceptrons are limited by spectral bias toward smooth functions and struggle to capture electromechanical oscillations, while B-spline physics-informed Kolmogorov-Arnold networks are costly to train. mac-PIKAN embeds the closed-form modal response of the linearized swing equation as a fixed term in the trial solution and uses a Chebyshev-basis KAN to learn a nonlinear correction that vanishes at the initial time, so both initial rotor angle and speed hold exactly. On the single-machine infinite-bus benchmark its mean rotor-angle and frequency errors are 0.29% and 0.99%, against 1.59% and 5.26% for the PINN, and the advantage persists with less training data and at lower damping.

In power-system dynamic simulation, physics-informed neural networks built on multilayer perceptrons are limited by spectral bias toward smooth functions and struggle to capture electromechanical oscillations, while B-spline physics-informed Kolmogorov-Arnold networks are costly to train. mac-PIKAN embeds the closed-form modal response of the linearized swing equation as a fixed term in the trial solution and uses a Chebyshev-basis KAN to learn a nonlinear correction that vanishes at the initial time, so both initial rotor angle and speed hold exactly. On the single-machine infinite-bus benchmark its mean rotor-angle and frequency errors are 0.29% and 0.99%, against 1.59% and 5.26% for the PINN, and the advantage persists with less training data and at lower damping.