Anesthesia depth stops relying on population averages: per-patient calibration brings BIS prediction error to 11.77%
Predicting the bispectral index (BIS) during balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane alongside propofol and remifentanil has relied on fixed population pharmacodynamic parameters. A computational modelling study merged all three drugs into one response-surface model and fitted per-patient sensitivity parameters from 20 real surgical records using artifact-resistant global optimization. With personalized parameters the cohort mean MDAPE was 11.77%, below the 15% clinical viability threshold; a population baseline aggregated from the same cohort gave 16.98%.