Grain growth without solving phase-field equations: VN law sets areas, a graph network rebuilds the microstructure, 137x faster on five benchmarks
A two-dimensional grain-growth simulation hands area evolution to the von Neumann–Mullins law and microstructure reconstruction to a graph neural network, reaching the same coarsening stage on five initial microstructures in 38.43 s on average versus 5,247.01 s for phase-field.