Shandong Provincial QianFoShan Hospital

This narrative review traces TDDS evaluation from pre-1975 methodological fragmentation through Franz diffusion cell and IVPT standardization to RHE, full-thickness skin models, ex vivo human skin and iPSC-derived skin organoids (SkOs), reporting that SkOs self-organize stratified epidermis, dermal-like structures, hair follicles and sebaceous glands and that after roughly 4-5 months in culture their transcriptome resembles second-trimester human fetal skin, but that the authors' search identified no clear study using Lee-type hiPSC-derived SkOs as standardized barrier models in Franz diffusion cells or conventional IVPT with systematic measurement of cumulative permeation, steady-state flux, permeability coefficient or skin retention, concluding that SkOs are a frontier candidate rather t

This narrative review traces TDDS evaluation from pre-1975 methodological fragmentation through Franz diffusion cell and IVPT standardization to RHE, full-thickness skin models, ex vivo human skin and iPSC-derived skin organoids (SkOs), reporting that SkOs self-organize stratified epidermis, dermal-like structures, hair follicles and sebaceous glands and that after roughly 4-5 months in culture their transcriptome resembles second-trimester human fetal skin, but that the authors' search identified no clear study using Lee-type hiPSC-derived SkOs as standardized barrier models in Franz diffusion cells or conventional IVPT with systematic measurement of cumulative permeation, steady-state flux, permeability coefficient or skin retention, concluding that SkOs are a frontier candidate rather t