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Health Science Reports

Machine Learning for Noninvasive Anemia Diagnosis: A Systematic Review Based on CRISP-DM

Following PRISMA, this review searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (January 1, 2019 to March 27, 2025), included 58 of 1923 records, and used the CRISP-DM phases (problem understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling, evaluation, deployment) to organize machine learning approaches to noninvasive anemia detection and hemoglobin estimation, covering algorithms, data sources, acquisition sites, light sources, evaluation metrics, and deployment, alongside a PROBAST appraisal of risk of bias and applicability.