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An AI-driven immediate feedback system for observation-based clinical placements: a design-based research study

Using a design-based research framework, this study implemented an AI-driven immediate feedback system with 89 undergraduate judo therapy students during a four-day observation-based clinical placement, where students submitted daily reflective notes and received rubric-based AI scores and feedback within one minute; all 356 system requests were processed successfully, daily note submission rates exceeded 98% and self-assessment completion rates exceeded 95%, and student questionnaires indicated favorable perceptions; as an exploratory external check, three blinded clinical educators independently rated 120 notes from 30 randomly selected students, showing a moderate rank association (Spearman's rho = .495) but limited absolute agreement (ICC = .