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Journal of minimally invasive surgery

Decision-centered artificial intelligence for perioperative care outside the operating room: a practical review for surgeons

This review reorganizes the surgical AI literature around decision points rather than algorithmic type or predicted outcomes, examining PubMed-indexed studies from 2015 to 2025 and finding that preoperative AI predominantly supports patient selection and treatment planning under diagnostic uncertainty while postoperative AI mainly supports time-sensitive management and prognostic assessment, thereby reframing surgical AI as an integral component of phase-specific clinical decision pathways across the surgical care continuum rather than a standalone predictive instrument.