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MedScience

Neoantigen Cancer Vaccines for Gastrointestinal Tumors: Opportunities and Challenges

This article systematically reviews the clinical progress and prospects of neoantigen cancer vaccines for gastrointestinal tumors, noting that these vaccines, owing to their high specificity and strong immunogenicity, can effectively activate specific T-cell immunity and produce synergistic effects when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors; various vaccine platforms offer distinct advantages, and clinical trials have shown encouraging potential in inducing immune responses and extending progression-free survival, while key challenges involve the accuracy of neoantigen prediction, tumor heterogeneity, and optimal treatment timing, and future directions include AI-assisted multi-omics screening, development of universal vaccines, optimization of novel delivery systems, and multimodal c