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Sleep

Foundation Models in Sleep Research: Opportunities and Limitations

This Commentary reviews recently published sleep foundation models by comparing their training cohorts, assessment frameworks, and reported performance, and applies an existing sleep foundation model without fine-tuning to an independent cohort of patients with Narcolepsy Type 1 (n = 51) and healthy controls (n = 28), finding modest zero-shot sleep-staging performance below supervised methods on the same cohort and minimal improvement in disorder classification from PSG-derived embeddings beyond demographic baselines, concluding that sleep foundation models are not yet suitable for clinical deployment.